Mitch Landrieu’s speech defending the removal of Confederate war monuments in the heart of New Orleans is an eloquent reminder that expressive harms are real harms. Two features of the speech will be recognized by constitutional lawyers: (1) Landrieu’s attention to the purpose or motives animating a government activity, and (2) Landrieu’s recognition that government acts—symbolic or otherwise—can violate constitutional norms (if not the Constitution) by promulgating messages of denigration or inferiority. 

Citation
Richard C. Schragger, Micah J. Schwartzman & Nelson Tebbe, Mitch Landrieu and the Anti-Denigration Constitution, Take Care (May 25, 2017).